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2020年6月24日水曜日

コロナ経済支援ー中央銀行の自信と限界 Covid-19 Financial Aid - Central Bank Confidence and Limitation

コロナ経済支援ー中央銀行の自信と限界 Covid-19 Financial Aid - Central Bank Confidence and Limitation


コロナにより止まる経済。The economy stopped by Covid-19.

これを救うために世界の出した解は単純明瞭。失われた消費Cを政府支出Gで補うというものだ。Global answer to save, was simple. That was to support missing consumption C by government spending G.

そしてその原資は国債発行だ。ただ、昔と違うのは、国債を引き受ける中央銀行は、原資には銀行預け金を用い、紙幣を絶対に印刷しないことは以前に触れた。And the funding is done by issuing government bonds. As I touched before, one thing different from ancient time is that funding to purchase government bond is done by bank deposits but not by printing central bank notes.

政府支援に加え、中央銀行は格付けの低い社債まで無制限に購入して企業をサポートする。倒産した場合の損失は、政府支出となり、国債発行で穴埋めされることになる。On top of government support, central banks extend unlimited purchase of even the lower credit corporate debts to support firms.  Once going bankrupt, the loss will be charged to government expenditure funded by new government issuance.

この、MMT的な枠組みはしかし、無制限に行うことはできない。This MMT like framework however, cannot be done forever.

ここで、破綻シナリオを考える。Here we think of catastrophic scenarios.
  • 何らかの理由で政府への信認がなくなり、政府の格付けが落ち、銀行預け金が中央銀行から逃避した場合、次の2つの場合が考えられる。If for some reason,  government lost credibility, followed by downgrade and bank deposit run away from central banks, there are two cases, 
    1. 保有国債を売却するが、国債暴落が金利高騰を招き悪循環となる。Government bond holding will be sold but this triggers interesting rate hike followed by vicious cycle. 
    2. 売却をせず、かわりに紙幣を発行すると、今度はインフレを招く。Do not sell the holding bond but issue central bank notes and invites inflation
  • 国債残高が際限なく増え続けた場合も、どこかの段階で破綻が訪れると思われる。現状、国債残高はGDPの2倍、税収の20倍、プライマリーバランスは未だマイナス、公債依存度3割だ。When government bond balance increase infinite, at some point we will fall into catastrophe. Currently government bond balance is twice as big as GDP, 20 times tax revenue, and primary balance is still negative and national budget depends on government bond issuance for 30%. 
今後も、薄氷を踏むような金利操作により銀行預金をバランスシートに留まらせつつ、国債消化を支援する体制が継続するだろう。コロナが早急に終息し、経済が復活し、各国の中央銀行がバランスシートの縮小に向かえることを願う。Even from now, delicate interest rate manipulation will keep bank deposit on balance sheet to support digestion of new government bond issuance. We all wish that Covid-19 will end and economy recovers. Then each central banks can go ahead for balance sheet shrinkage phase.